PROBLEM  IV:  Those who rise to the top positions in a political party obtain such mainly for demonstrated party loyalty, public speaking skills, and the ability to raise funds.  Top government bureaucrats obtain such status because of ability to perform their duties and also to promote the interest of their department.  As the Science Advisor for Eisenhower tersely stated, "Each department has its own ax to grind."  As a result the top bureaucrats, contrary to the publics best interest, will act to increase their budget and authority of their department.  We have, for example, an Environmental Protection Agency whose standards for disposal of chemical wastes and cleanup of old chemical dumps are clearly excessive.  How are we to improve the quality of those at the top of the bureaucracy and the legislators? 

SOLUTION  IV:  Among other things there should be comprehensive, appropriate testing of both senior bureaucrats and those running for office and the results of this test must be published.  Secondly, as those rise up both the bureaucratic and elected systems, schooling would be required that improves their job skill levels and analytic abilities.  The brightest and best trained ought to head government.   

PROBLEM  V:  The ends of production ought to be for the maximization of the public weal.  We also need greater transparency, meaning, that the cost of an item should very nearly equal the cost of distribution plus that of manufacturing.  A number of unnecessary practices inflate the selling price.  At least 20% of the cost of the car consists of advertisements.  Secondly, at least 16 minutes per hour of viewing time is consumed by advertisements that interrupt programming.  Sure, we dont have to pay directly television programming, but we pay for it in higher, consumer prices.  Another example of waste is the lack of interchangeable parts for automobiles and the frequent changes in parts design.  Each automaker is trying to protect his share of the replacement-parts market by making it prohibitively costly for an independent parts manufacture to offer a full line of replacement parts.  Businesses within a sector often work together, as does the major supermarket chains, so as to limit competition and then years later make exorbitant profits.  A third example of economic waste is that of the insurance industry.  We support hundreds of thousand insurance employees and their working environments.  Part of what doctors charge goes to cover their insurance expense.  We ultimately feed the workers of Wall Street.  They aren't needed.  There are no free lunches.  The percentage of the GNP consumed by insurance companies and brokerage houses, if they were eliminated, would more funds being available for the citizens to spend. Every waste is funded on the backs of labor: THERE ARE NO FREE LUNCHES!  The economy needs to be streamlined. 

SOLUTION V:  Russia failed because politicians were running the economy.  The first 4 problems and solution were designed to improve government thus permitting a greater role in the economy without the follies of the Soviet experiment.  Having the brightest and best trained runs government insures that the Soviet type morass would not be repeated.  Streamlining would occur by eliminating private insurance companies, the stock market, taxes, and advertisements (see #6 for a much better alternative).  Ownership of property would be eliminated (and thus its inheritance), thought there would be long term leases.  There would no longer be a class of citizens who feed themselves because of the rental of property or from dividends and speculation in stocks.  Manufactured goods would be designed to last longer and be easier to repair.  Government would act to increase economic efficiency.  The benefits of this transparency could be distributed among the workers and thus yield a more just proportioning of the rewards of labor.  The legislature would act to promote transparency. 

     Most important of the changes made by government would be a reordering of the goals of business.  Performance of executives would not primarily be measured by profits with its assorted counter to the public weal consequences, but by transparency (the maximization of value of the commodities and services).  Transparency requires that products produced would, where feasible, have interchangeable parts, be built to last, and be designed to for easy of repair and replacement.  Government would distribute rewards to executives and workers in a company according to the relative value and quantity of what is produced when compared to its competitors. 

   PROBLEM  VI:    Some causes of waste are based on artificial demands, such as for perfumes, latest fashions, larger or luxury vehicles.  This waste is promoted through advertising and values portrayed in media dramas.  This is the waste of unsound product selection.  An even greater waste is the way businesses acts to reduce value.  The information about which flashlight battery last longer, which vehicle in a given class will over the next 10 years have the lowest repair costs, which vehicle has the smoothest and quietest ride, this information for prudent product selection is not readily available, if at all.  Automobile manufactures make a greater profit on replacement parts than on new car sales.  Industry functions to maximize their profit; therefore there is the compromise of quality and value for the sake of profit.  Businesses have found that within a certain limit advertising yields a greater profit that product improvement.  It is in a business interest to maximize profits, but in the publics best interest to maximize value. 

SOLUTION  VI:    There is a simple and direct way to insure a dramatic increase in the value of products.  This would be to have a product rating on the cover of each item.  Thus for flashlight batteries, there would be an easy way to compare Eveready, Duracell, and other brands.  For items for which there are many things to be compared a report would be included.  Independent laboratories would do the testing.  Each company would only have one very effective avenue to increase sales, namely; that of obtaining the highest value rating (value is the combination of features, durability and price).  If a products has a flaw, such as Chryslers transmission in there mini vans, there would be prompt action to correct this flaw (for years their transmission average less than 50,000 mile before needing to be rebuilt).  Independent product ratings would foster competition.  The making of better products for less would also improve foreign trade and thus end our current huge trade imbalance.  This is a simple solution; however, one that is not in the interest of the large corporations, for now a small manufacturer could produce batteries and, if their product is a better value, outsell the product with name recognition.  A better design would produce rapid results.  An act of government is thus required for product ratings.  It would also improve distribution of new products and those from small manufacturers when their rating is high, because retail outlets would want to carry those products with the highest rating.  Product ratings would permit the consumer to make a decision based upon the value of the product. 

PROBLEM  VII:  The typical notion of obligation and fairness (TNOF) requires that each person, unless within an exempted group, support himself.  Thus by TNOF it is considered unfair for a person not exempted because of wealth, age, or being a housewife to mooch upon others for their sustenance.  Similarly by TNOF, it is considered unfair if in a family one member consumes much more than the others.  However, fairness does not extend to the larger family of our society; it ought!  People are exempted from labor because of inherited or accumulated wealth, yet according to TNOF this is fair.  The British call such people idlers.  Other citizens receive (and thus consume) much more than the true value of their labor, yet according to TNOF this is fair; one gets what the labor market will yield.  All wealth is built upon the brow and sweat of labor, yet laborers are reward according to what the job-market permits, rather than the worth of their labor.  Moreover, economic arrangements permit the pyramiding of wealth.  Because of this lack of social justice, there is a lack of cohesion within society.  The distorted standard of social justice embodied in TNOF entails that the citizens do what is permitted rather than what would be required by an ideal morality. 

SOLUTION  VII:  If the society is like a large family (an analogy used by Plato), then each able bodied citizen should contribute.  This idea of extended family with its utilitarian set of duties and rewards is quite different than TNOF.  Each person would be expected to carry part of the burdens of labor.  To accomplish this full employment, the workweek would be shortened.  Each able-bodied person would be rewarded according to their labors (those raising children or caring for the elderly would have this count as part of their work contribution).  Each physically and mentally capable person would bejust like in a familyrequired to work; and no job would be rewarded more than 3 times that of common laborers pay.  Those who are shiftless could be placed on reservation (like the Canadian have done with their Indians) and be given a small dole if they stay there.  This would result in a just proportioning.  The burden under such an arrangement would be much less:  recall, that it has already been proposed that over one quarter of the jobs be done away through streamlining the economy (the doing away with the financial markets, advertising, the manufacture of more durable goods, government no fault insurance, and many other changes) and the adding housewives would lower the work week to under 20 hours.  True social justice requires that each capable citizen contributes according to his ability and be reward according to his production.  Government wage controls would promote social justice.  Social justice not only lightens the burden of labor by creating full employment thus shortening the workweek, it also reduces workers alienation by creating a feeling of community.  

PROBLEM VIII:  B.F. Skinner said that, Original sin is the difference between your pleasure and mine.  This is the sin of self-interest.  A business functions to maximize profits; people function to maximize happiness (a point made by both Epicurus and Jeremy Bentham).  Sloth is one of the Seven Deadly Sins.  Workers seek to reduce their labors; owners and mangers to increase their labors.  Supervisors also seek to do what is in their own interests of their department.  This, I call, the Special Interest Syndrome (SIS hereafter), a type of original sin.  In the world of commerce, actions can be viewed as positive and negative: a positive reward is one that will in the long term benefits a company financially; a negative reward is one that is counter to the financial interests of the company.  Pay and job benefits are negative for they reduce profits.  Workers use social conditioning on their supervisors to lighten their load, and such peer conditioning of the supervisor function in (from the companys prospective) in a negative way.  Moreover, if a supervisor is paid in proportion to the number of people working under him, he will seek to increase the size of his department beyond the ideal number, another example of SIS.  There exists a balancing between what benefits the workers and supervisors and what benefits the company.  Even its board of directors would compromise a companys best interest for the sake of personal rewards.  If workers and supervisors would come to their jobs with an earnest desire to maximize productivity and seek first to promote the best interest of the business, then the costs of the goods would be reduce and our society would benefits.  Who do we turn each person into a conscientious worker?  Get pass SIS. 

SOLUTION VIII: How to get around this fundamental conflict of what Skinner called Original Sin?  Three factors contributing to its diminution of sloth and SIS are contained above.  One is to improve education.  In my 12 years of higher learning, I have been utterly impressed with the work performance of professors.  In Solution I are my proposals for education.  There is a clear relationship, when comparing countries between the quality of education and the behavior of its citizens.  The ability to think abstractly creates a clearer understanding of the ideal ethics and of social justice.  Second are measures (proposed above) to create social justice, for this will create in the citizens of the society a feeling of family, and acts against society would be subject to peer conditioning much like the family conditioning it members to promote its best interest.  Third is economic transparency; for a sense of honor in the market place will be created which will instill in the workers a greater desire to promote the public weal before promoting their own interests.  Forth, having a government that measures its actions by the utilitarian standard (maximization of the public weal) will also instill a familial sense of duty towards society.  There are also direct measures through a better system of direct review of performance at all levels.  For example, factories would compete with similar factories, retail outlets with similar retail outlets, and so on for rewards such as higher pay and better vacations.  Hard workers would get bonuses.  To achieve this, a system of external evaluation would be set up.  For example, both high schools and colleges are presently and have been for decades evaluated by independent panels so that the university committees that selects students knows the worth of the grades obtained by both high school and graduate school applicants.  Besides reward for efforts, businesses would act to create situations that promote bonding between workers, and between workers and supervisors, such as company activities.  A system of commerce where the bottom line is not the most significant factor in measuring performance of a business would permit the above system of rewards and company activities.  Reinforcers would not simply be arrange by a business for the bottom line; for the guiding light would be the public weal as understood by the utilitarians such as Bentham, Mill, Russell, and myself.  Improving conditioning in the work place is one way of maximizing happiness.  Measures described above would reduce the SIS.

A F T E R    W O R D

         Most of these ideas follow from simple observation about what there is and then an inquiry about its cure.  This approach is not new, for twenty four hundred years ago Plato set down for reading to an audience dialogues that asked and answered questions about the good life, ideal society, and best form of government.  He was continuing in the line of thought and methods of the philosophers that goes back to Thales of Miletus who wrote about 600 BC.  Plato observed the relationship between the politicians and the masses and the many injudicious actions of the democracy.  He rated among the seven forms of government, democracy as next to the worse.  Some of which lead to Athens defeat by the Spartans in the Peloponnesian war in 399 BC.  The two most serious were the removal of Alcibiates their brilliant general because of his aristocratic views and the turning down of the peace offer by Sparta.  There are modern parallels to be found in the disastrous Versailles Peace.  The performance of our own government has caused me to agree with Plato. 

       In our own day we have seen the effects of government when it attempts to streamline the economy.  However, the socialist failure was not a failure of plan, but of administrators.  It is to the issue of administrators that I have devoted half the space in this essay on social justice.  Plato in The Republic suggests that the best children (by birth, for he believed that what was true for horses was true for man) receive an education to prepare them for government, separate them from their family so that the state is their parent, and then forbid them from owning private property (so that they would not be tending to their own wealth while directing the state).  These children when of mature years would be the Guardians of the state.  However, anyone who demonstrated (including women) exceptional abilities could become a Guardian.  To Platos plan I have added that there be two external systems of review, one modeled on the grand jury system, the other of special commission of professors.  I also favored that those at the top be elected, but not in general elections but by a small randomly selected electorate whole like a jury would be freed from their daily routine and given the task of studying the candidates.  Thus, there are three checks in place, the university commissions, the grand juries, and the electorate.  Moreover, I have stressed improvements in education including use of the media so that it creates a better citizenryPlato wrote of a similar educational need.  A government headed by Guardians can effectively direct the economy.

      The quality of government is a reflection of its design, the abilities of those in power, and the morals and perspicacity of the populace.  Call to mind how the design for our government has fallen far below potential because of the electorate and because of the two political parties dependence upon business for the funds necessary for election. 

        The plans for good government have many social and economic ramifications.  With the proper sort of people heading government we would not have a disaster like that of the Soviet Unions.  By removing the profit motive as the primary measure of performance, businesses could be measured by their contributions to the public weal.  All the deleterious consequences of placing profits before the people would be done away with.  The problems of corporate planning OUGHT to be addressed by people who place society first.  Moreover, a system of investigative checks, like the grand jury model envisioned for government, could be instituted for corporations and for the entire industry.  With transparency a goal of economic planning and with the just distribution of the burden of labor, the workweek would be about 15 hours.  Platos discussion of the ideal government and society needs to be on everyones mind and in the media.  While the evolutionary changes in government and commerce sketched above are generations away, there would be less generations if we, like Plato had done, give it a public forum.  Eight Steps Towards Social Justice will move more rapidly from a dream to reality when people focus upon the public weal and how to promote it.

O U T L I N E

I.                    Dumb electorate/education.

II.                 Uninformed electorate/grand jury type voting system.

III.                Minimal accountability of bureaucrats and elected officials/grand jury type review.

IV.              Venal, self-interested people filling the top positions/testing of them before office and continuing education.

V.                 Wastes of capitalism/streamlining the economy, including doing away with the stock market, insurance industry, taxes, and private property. 

VI.              Profits motive compromises value of products/product ratings on package.

VII.            Lack of social and economic justice/reward according to contribute with ever able-body person contributing.

VIII.         People naturally want to reduce the burdens of labor/reward according to production and improve conditions in the workplace.