ATOMICARCHIVE.COM at http://www.atomicarchive.com/Portal/index.shtml
Internet Sites
The Nuclear Weapons Archive
nuclearweaponarchive.org
An excellent and extensive
site for learning more about nuclear weapons. This website offers extensive information on the history and status of nuclear
weapons. The site is organized chronologically, with a section on the physics that led up to the Fat Man and Little Boy atomic
bombs, a section on atomic and nuclear weapons since the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, and a section on the current state of
nuclear weapons in the world.
Trinity Atomic Web Site
www.abomb1.org
The purpose of Trinity Atomic
Web Site is to tell the story of nuclear weapons through historical documents, photos, and videos.
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
www.bullatomsci.org
The foremost journal on nuclear
issues is now online. Visit and see how the Doomsday Clock has moved throughout the Atomic Age.
Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues - Nuclear Pathways Member
alsos.wlu.edu
The Alsos digital library is
a collection of annotated references to resources that offer a broad, balanced perspective of topics relating to the origins,
functions, and legacies of the Manhattan Project. The critical task of the Alsos project is to integrate these references
into a structured collection that allows users to examine this important period of history from many perspectives. The materials
referenced includes books, articles, videos, images, and web sites.
Nuclear Chemistry and the Community - Nuclear Pathways Member
www.chemcases.com/nuclear/
Part of the ChemCases website,
this unit covers the basic concepts of nuclear chemistry. This site explores the legacy of radiation: the fear of contamination,
the problems in the generation of nuclear power, the widespread medical uses of radioisotopes, and the worldwide question,
as yet unsolved, of what should be done with nuclear byproducts.
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum
www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/
This is online site for the
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. It contains a virtual tour of the museum, as well as section that looks at the atomic bomb
and peace through the eyes of children. It also contains an excellent resource of photos and artifacts.
The Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum
www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/na-bomb/museum/museume01.html
This is online site for the
Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum. It contains a virtual tour of the museum, as well as records of the Nagasaki Atomic Bombing.
A-Bomb WWW Museum
www.csi.ad.jp/ABOMB/
This Japanese site provides
an excellent record of the bombing of Hiroshima. Included in the site are historical records and memoirs of survivors. The
site also documents the aftereffects of the bomb including the problems faced by children of survivors of the bomb.
Remembering Nagasaki
www.exploratorium.edu/nagasaki/
A photographic journey through
the ruins of Nagasaki at Exploratorium in San Francisco. A companion book has been published.
Los Alamos National Laboratory
www.lanl.gov/worldview/welcome/history.shtml
This section of the Los Alamos
National Laboratory's website presents information about the laboratory's role in the development of the first atomic bombs.
It contains a well-written document on the early history of the laboratory, as well as access to previously classified documents
on the development of the bombs. The site also provides a series on Los Alamos history published in the Los Alamos News Bulletin
to commemorate the laboratory's 50th anniversary.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
www.ornl.gov/history/
This website is the official
site of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), which began with the goal of producing uranium-235 for the Manhattan Project.
It provides a brief history of ORNL including an interactive timeline, and includes a detailed description of the X-10 graphite
reactor built in 1943.
Hanford Site
www.hanford.gov/doe/culres/historic/
The website contains a broad
spectrum of information on Hanford from 1943 to the present. The plutonium production site played a pivotal role in the nation's
defense for more than 50 years, beginning in the 1940s with its creation as part of the Manhattan Project.
Argonne National Laboratory
www.anl.gov/OPA/history/
This website contains information
about the lab that originating from the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago.
Department of Energy - Nevada
www.nv.doe.gov
Established as the Atomic Energy
Commission's on-continent proving ground, the Nevada Test Site has seen more than four decades of nuclear weapons testing.
It contains an archive of photographs, documents and video clips.
Nuclear Weapons Museum at Arzamas-16
www.http://www.vniief.ru/museum/museum_e.html
An online photographic tour
of the museum at the Los Alamos of the former Soviet Union, Arzamas-16. Photos and descriptions of the first Soviet atomic
bomb, hydrogen bomb, the development of tactical and ballistic weapons, and the installations used for testing weapons.
International Atomic Energy Agency
www.iaea.org/worldatom/
This website, the official
site of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), provides the public with information about the agency, as well as its
publications. Concerns featured on the website include depleted uranium, nuclear waste, the nuclear accident at Chernobyl,
arms control, and inspection activities in Iraq. The site lists books, periodicals, and other documents published by the IAEA.
It is an excellent source of information on international nuclear issues.
Leo Szilard Home Page
www.dannen.com/szilard.html
This excellent site is about
Leo Szilard's role in Manhattan Project and beyond. The site also examines the decision to drop the atomic bomb and Szilard's
attempts to prevent this.
The Bureau of Atomic Tourism
www.atomictourist.com
This site is dedicated to the
promotion of tourist locations around the world that have either been the site of atomic explosions, display exhibits on the
development of atomic devices, or contain vehicles that were designed to deliver atomic weapons.
Enola Gay: Exhibit at the Smithsonian
www.nasm.si.edu/galleries/gal103/gal103_former.html
See the exhibit that showcases
the Enola Gay, the plane that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. The plane is currently being re-assembled for display
at the musuem's new Udvar-Hazy Center.
Atomic Central
www.vce.com/atomcentral.html
A link to an award winning
movies such as; Trinity and Beyond, Atomic Journeys, from VCE. Footage from some of these movies is used on the CD-ROM, Atomic
Archive:Enhanced Edition.
Children of the Manhattan Project
www.childrenofthemanhattanproject.org
This site seeks preserve the
historical importance of the Manhattan Project, to recognize and memorialize the efforts of all World War II veterans, and
to promote the safe and beneficial use of nuclear energy.
Nuclear Threat Initiative
www.nit.org
NTI's mission is to strengthen
global security by reducing the risk of use and preventing the spread of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. NTI seeks
to raise public awareness, serve as a catalyst for new thinking and take direct action to reduce these threats. This is an
excellent resource of current WMD information
The atomicarchive.com has a library
of historic documents at http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/index.shtml
Nuclear Warhead Stockpiles
The five acknowledged nuclear
powers possess about 31,000 nuclear warheads.
|
Country
|
1945
|
1955
|
1965
|
1975
|
1985
|
1995
|
2000
|
|
United States |
2
|
2,280
|
32,400
|
28,100
|
23,500
|
14,000
|
10,500
|
|
Russia/USSR |
0
|
200
|
6,300
|
23,500
|
44,000
|
28,000
|
20,000
|
|
United Kingdom |
0
|
10
|
310
|
350
|
300
|
300
|
185
|
|
France |
0
|
0
|
32
|
188
|
359
|
500
|
450
|
|
China |
0
|
0
|
5
|
185
|
426
|
400
|
450
|
|
Totals |
2
|
2,490
|
39,047
|
52,323
|
68,585
|
43,200
|
31,535
|
Sources: Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists and National Resources Defense Council
Nuclear Test Sites
From 1945 until 1998, there
have been over 2,000 nuclear tests conducted worldwide.
Nuclear Testing Locations
From 1945 until 1998, there
have been over 2,000 nuclear tests conducted worldwide.
|
Location |
Number of Tests |
|
Nevada |
935
|
|
Kazakhstan |
496
|
|
Russia |
214
|
|
Mururoa Atoll |
175
|
|
Enewetak |
43
|
|
China (Lop Nor) |
41
|
|
Christmas Island |
30
|
|
Bikini |
23
|
|
Algeria |
17
|
|
Johnston Island |
12
|
|
Australia |
12
|
|
Fangataufa Atoll |
12
|
|
India |
4
|
|
Pacific Ocean |
4
|
|
Malden Island |
3
|
|
South Atlantic Ocean |
3
|
|
Alaska |
3
|
|
New Mexico |
3
|
|
Pakistan |
2
|
|
Mississippi |
2
|
|
Colorado |
2
|
|
Ukraine |
2
|
|
Uzbekistan |
2
|
|
Turkmenistan |
1
|
|
Total |
2,051
|
Source: National
Resources Defense Council
Total Nuclear Testing Yields
From 1945 until 1998, there
have been over 2,000 nuclear tests conducted worldwide.
|
Country
|
Atmospheric
|
Underground
|
Total
Yields |
|
China |
21.9
|
1.5
|
23.4
|
|
France |
10.0
|
4.0
|
14.0
|
|
India |
-
|
0.014-0.017
|
0.014-0.017
|
|
Pakistan |
-
|
0.014-0.017
|
0.014-0.017
|
|
Russia/USSR |
247.0
|
38.0
|
285.0
|
|
United Kingdom |
8.0
|
0.9
|
8.9
|
|
United States |
141.0
|
38.0
|
179.0
|
|
(in megatons) |
427.9
|
~82.428
|
~510.328
|
Source: National
Resources Defense Council
